Herpes: Causes, Symptoms, Risk & Treatment

Herpes is one of the most frequently occurring Sexually Transmitted Diseases worldwide. Caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), it spreads through contact with an infected person's skin, mucous membranes, saliva or genital fluids.

The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that HSV is a widely prevalent virus. Globally, individuals under 50 years old have the HSV-1 virus, and nearly one in seven are infected with HSV- 2.

In this article, we will discuss the meaning, causes, symptoms, and treatment options of herpes.

What is herpes simplex?

Herpes simplex is an infection that causes small, painful blisters and ulcers on the skin. It is a contagious virus that can spread through direct contact with an infected individual or their bodily fluids.

HSV consists of two herpes types: HSV type 1 and HSV type 2.

1. HSV type 1 is most commonly associated with infection of the mouth, lips and face (known as 'oral herpes').

2. HSV type 2, or 'genital herpes', is most commonly associated with infection of the genitals.

Viral Herps can be managed but not cured. Treatment focuses on understanding the symptoms and preventing recurrences.

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Causes of herpes simplex

Herpes causes are generally related to a virus called herpes simplex. The virus can spread through contact with other areas of the skin.

An individual can't acquire HSV through ordinary contact.

Herps can happen in the following circumstances:

1. Sexual contact

HSV spreads through skin-to-skin contact and sexual intercourse.

2. Unprotected oral sex

This includes oral sex without a condom or dental dam.

3. Sharing of personal items

Touching another person's razor, lipstick, toothbrush, or any other personal items can spread HSV.

4. Kissing

Kissing someone with active herpes infection can cause the virus to spread.

5. Mother-to-child transmission

If a pregnant woman has an active herpes infection, she can pass on the virus to her baby during birth.

Symptoms of herpes

People may experience different herpes symptoms depending on their HSV type. Those exposed to the virus can expect symptoms within 2-20 days.

Below are some common signs and symptoms of herpes according to the HSV type:

HSV-1 typically causes the following symptoms in the oral environment:

• Tingling and itching around the lips.

• Fluid-filled blisters on the edge of the lips.

• Discharge, open sores, and mouth scabs.

HSV-2 usually causes the following symptoms in the genital environment:

• Pain and tenderness in the genital area.

• Small red/whitish blisters and bumps.

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• General indisposition.

• Ulcers (when the blisters break) and scabs (when the ulcers heal).

• Muscle pain in the lower back, buttocks, thighs or knees.

Because herpes is viral, people need to seek appropriate medical attention. A doctor can order a blood test to diagnose the virus and prescribe treatment.

Risk for developing herpes simplex infections

Herpes diseases are more common in certain groups of people. Those with weak immune systems will have a higher risk of developing an infection.

Since it can be spread from person to person, the risk of infection is higher if a person has unprotected sex. The virus can be spread through sexual contact, touching infected areas and sharing personal items.

How is herpes simplex diagnosed?

The diagnosis of herpes allergy is made by physical examination, visualizing the blisters and ulcers. Subsequent tests are used to confirm that diagnosis. The following are the tests that are used to diagnose HSV:

• Blood test.

• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test.

• Tzanck Smear test.

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About 70% of adults have been infected with HSV-1 and have antibodies against the virus. Between 20 and 50% of adults have antibodies against HSV-2.

Treatment for simplex herpes

The treatment for herpes allergy focuses on relieving the symptoms—preventing recurrences, and avoiding the spreading of the virus.

The following are some of the treatments that can be used to manage HSV:

1. Oral antiviral medications.

These medications help reduce inflammation and pain and the risk of passing on the infection.

2. Topical ointments and creams.

Applying these creams directly to the lesions reduces inflammation, itching and pain.

3. Vaccination.

This is done to prevent future infections.

4. Stress management techniques.

These help the body to cope with the infection better and reduce recurrences of herpes infection.

Some of the home remedies that manage HSV include:

• Apply warm compresses and ice packs.

• Taking a bath with salt water.

• Applying aloe vera gel to the blisters.

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• Drinking lemon balm tea.

• Eating foods rich in lysine.

• Avoid spicy and acidic foods.

• Wear loose-fitting clothing and cotton underwear.

• Practice good hygiene by washing the affected area with soap and water.

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• Avoid sexual contact when symptoms are present.

• Practice safe sex by using condoms.

Possible difficulties

Those with herpes face difficulties like social stigma and feelings of shame. People may be scared to tell their partner or friends about their diagnosis.

People may also feel like they can't lead a normal life and that their options for relationships or dating are limited.

It is important to remember that herpes doesn't have to be a barrier, and there are many ways to manage it.

When to consult a doctor?

It is vital to consult with a doctor if any of the following signs occur:

• Blisters or sores that do not heal.

• Increasing pain, redness or swelling in the affected area.

• Discharge with a foul odour.

• Any new symptoms that appear suddenly.

• Difficulty in urinating or an increased frequency of urination.

• Nausea, vomiting or fever.

• A general feeling of malaise and fatigue for more than a few days.

If you or someone you know contracts herpes, it’s best to consult a doctor as soon as possible and seek proper medical guidance.