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What is the purpose of the anomaly scan during pregnancy? Several parts of the baby&#39;s body are...

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Lice are those tiny parasites that make their home in your child&#39;s head and survive by sucking tiny amounts of blood from your baby&#39;s scalp! They increase their family by laying eggs on hair shafts, and these eggs are called Nits. Lice are super quick to reproduce and give about 100 eggs in one go! These eggs take just ten days to hatch, and just seven days after that, these 100 lice can reproduce again! 
</div>

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Now, imagine the crowd in your baby&#39;s head. This causes all the itching and irritation in your baby. Moreover, your baby can even spread these lice to others who come in close contact with your child. These lice don&#39;t cause any significant harm but keep people at bay from being with your toddler! 
</div>

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How do you treat lice in your toddler? 
</div>

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<div class="BCX0 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW49338708" style="padding:0px">
Here are a few ways you can try to get rid of lice and nits: 
 
</div>

<div class="BCX0 ListContainerWrapper SCXW49338708" style="padding:0px">
<ul style="list-style-type:disc">
	<li>
	Use the anti-lice shampoos and conditioners available in the market. 
	</li>
	<li>
	For an anti-lice shampoo, make sure you choose a reputable brand and read all the instructions carefully. Usually, using anti-lice shampoo twice a week is recommended. Once you apply the shampoo, leave it on for 10-15 mins and then rinse it off. 
	</li>
	<li>
	Sometimes, lice become immune to certain chemicals, and hence, if you don&#39;t see desired results from a particular shampoo brand, change the brand and try again. 
	</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>

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<div class="BCX0 ListContainerWrapper SCXW49338708" style="padding:0px">
<ul style="list-style-type:disc">
	<li>
	Always consult a pediatrician for which shampoo to use. Your doctor will suggest a brand depending on your baby&#39;s age and other health factors. 
	</li>
	<li>
	One of the best ways to treat hair lice is by using a lice comb on wet or oily hair. Don&#39;t overdo it in a single stretch. Do it twice a day and continue doing it until your baby&#39;s head is free of lice and nits. Here is a step by step guide on how you can wet comb your child&#39;s hair using a lice comb: 
	</li>
</ul>
</div>

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</div>

<div class="BCX0 ListContainerWrapper SCXW49338708" style="padding:0px">
<ul style="list-style-type:disc">
	<li>
	Using a regular shampoo, wash your child&#39;s hair and scalp. Massage generously with oil or conditioner. 
	</li>
	<li>
	Detangle her hair with a wide-tooth comb and then lice-comb it. Part her hair as many times as possible and comb each piece thoroughly. Scalp to tip: begin combing. Conditioner-coated lice and eggs, as well as moist lice and eggs, will stay stationary while combing. WASH THE COMB WELL BEFORE COMBINING. If not, wipe it with a cloth and continue combing. 
	</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>

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<ul style="list-style-type:disc">
	<li>
	Rinse her head again after combing all the parts. Use the same method to get rid of any lice. 
	</li>
	<li>
	Use a lice-comb with a piece of thread to comb your child&#39;s hair. This will also help with tiny lice. The rest will require your hands. 
	</li>
	<li>
	While combing her hair, have her sit on a piece of newspaper. Fluss any lice on the paper down the toilet or drain. 
	</li>
	<li>
	Repeat this technique four times, with a three-day interval between sessions. This will kill all lice in your child&#39;s hair in 17 days. 
	</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>

<h2>What is the purpose of the anomaly scan during pregnancy? </h2>

Several parts of the baby&#39;s body are examined in depth during the Second Trimester Anomaly Scan screening. It gives the sonographer the ability to scan for 11 uncommon conditions. These problems are the only ones the scan is looking for, and it can&#39;t identify everything wrong.

<h2>At the second-trimester anomaly scan, what happens? </h2>

Sonographers are the medical professionals who perform most fetal anomaly scans. So that the sonographer can get clear pictures of the infant, scans are performed in a dimly lighted environment. You&#39;ll be asked to recline on a sofa and expose your abdomen by removing your skirt or pants to your hips and lifting your top to your chest. To protect your clothes from the gel placed on your stomach, a sonographer or their helper will wrap tissue paper over it.

Next, the sonographer will use a portable probe to inspect the baby&#39;s internal organs to report an anomaly scan. It&#39;s the gel&#39;s work to keep the probe in contact with your skin. The ultrasound screen will display a black-and-white picture of the infant. Scanners do not use any force while doing the fetal anomaly scan. However, the finest images of the infant may need some pressure from the sonographer. Thus, this may be a little awkward.

They must maintain the screen to allow them to see the infant. The screen may be in front of them, or it may be at an angle to their side. While the sonographer is scanning your baby, they may need to be silent to focus on what they are doing. Once the check is complete, they will be able to chat with you about the images. The anomaly scan time duration session typically takes 30 minutes or less.

It might be challenging to capture a decent image if the baby is resting in an odd posture or moving around a lot, or if you are above average weight or your body tissue is thick. It does not imply any cause for alarm. For your appointment, you may require a full bladder. Before you arrive, your doctor or midwife will tell you what to expect. If you&#39;re still unsure, you may always reach out to them and inquire.

<h2>Query: Can I find out the gender of my child? </h2>

You should ask the sonographer at the beginning of the tiffa test in pregnancywhether you wish to know the sex of your baby.

It is now prohibited in most areas to be told the sex of a baby by a hospital. Some hospitals may refuse to inform you. Please find out more details from your sonographer or midwife by contacting them.

<h2>My buddy or partner would want to accompany me to the scan. </h2>

Yes. Screening at anomaly scan reveals if the baby has a health issue, which may be a shock, so a companion can help you deal with it. A friend or family member may be able to accompany you to the appointment.

Due to a lack of childcare options, most hospitals do not allow children to participate in scans. Before your visit, make sure to inquire about this with the hospital.

<h2>Is the scan safe for my unborn child and me? </h2>

An ultrasound tiffa scan has no known dangers to you or your unborn child. Still, it&#39;s vital to weigh the benefits and drawbacks before deciding.

You may be forced to make important choices based on the information. Further tests that carry a risk of miscarriage may be given to you, and you will have to decide whether or not to have them performed.

<h2>Is this scan a necessity? </h2>

No, it&#39;s up to you whether or not you want it. Some parents are eager to learn whether their child has a medical problem, while others are not so eager. 

Pregnancy care will continue as usual if you decline the scan.

<h2>When can I expect to get the scan&#39;s results? </h2>

At the time of the scan, the ultrasound technician will be able to provide you with the report details tiffa test anomaly scan. 

<h2>Conclusion </h2>

Between 18 and 21 weeks into your pregnancy, you&#39;ll likely get a comprehensive ultrasound scan called the mid-pregnancy or anomaly scan.

Pregnant women are encouraged to take advantage of the 20-week screening scan, but they are not obligated to. The scan examines your baby&#39;s physical growth, but it cannot detect every ailment.

The procedure for the 20-week screening scan is the same as that for the 12-week screening. In black and white, it depicts the newborn from the side. No 3D or color visuals are used in the screening procedure.

References

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify">FDA: &quot;Avoid Fetal &#39;Keepsake&#39; Images, Heartbeat Monitors.&quot; </li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">American College of Nurse Midwives: &quot;Second Trimester Tests.&quot; </li>
</ul>

When your child next has a cough or cold, you could try these gentle, effective and safe home remedies. Although none of them will get rid of your child&rsquo;s illness, they will help soothe her symptoms so that she feels much better.

<h2>1. Lots of rest (all ages)</h2>

It takes energy to fight an infection, and that can wear a child out. Resting helps your child get back her energy and to heal. 
 
Stress can sometimes play a role in illness too. If your child is under pressure, perhaps because of school or friends, or something happening at home, giving her a break may be just what she needs to fight off her symptoms. 
 
If your child doesn&rsquo;t want to rest in bed all day, a change of scenery can be helpful. If the weather is good, you could set up a comfortable place in the balcony, verandah or your garden for your child to rest. However, don&rsquo;t leave her unattended. 
 
Indoors, make something more fun than her bed, like a tent in a snug area near you. Or perhaps, she may enjoy some time in an indoor swing or a rocking chair. 
 
If your child finds it hard to rest, help her by cuddling up with some books. Teach her some nursery rhymes or read her a story.

<h2>2. Steamy air (all ages)</h2>

Breathing moist or humid air helps loosen the mucus in the nose. A warm bath will also relax your child. 
 
To moisten the air, you can get a humidifier, steamer or a cool-mist vapourise. Although humidifiers are becoming more popular, they are still hard to find in some areas. You may have to buy it online or in a specialised store. 
 
If you use a humidifier, be sure to clean it often (every three days) and according to the manufacturer&rsquo;s directions. Humidifiers can build up mould, which they then spray into the air if they&rsquo;re not kept very clean. Steamers to fit all budgets are easily available in the market and online. Even facial steamers will do the trick. 
 
All you need to do is leave the humidifier, cool-mist vapouriser or steamer on in the room where your child is sleeping, resting, or playing. As the air gets humid, your child will breathe easier. 
 
If you do not have any of these items at home, a quick-fix solution is letting your child breath in steamy air in the bathroom. Let the hot water tap run and close the door to the bathroom. Block any gap under the door with an old towel, and sit in the steamy room with your child for about 15 minutes. You may as well bring a couple of toys or waterproof bath books to make it more fun for both of you. 
 
You can also give your child a warm bath in a steamy bathroom. If she&rsquo;s old enough, let her play in the bathtub for some time with you watching her always. The steam will help to ease her congestion. 
 
Adding no more than one or two drops of eucalyptus, or pine essential oil to the bath water (or vapouriser/steamer) occasionally may also help. These oils are available at most supermarkets or chemists. 
 
Cautions: 
If you keep your child in a steamy bathroom, her clothes might get damp, so it is best to change them immediately after to stop her from feeling cold. 
 
If you use a steamer, facial steamer or humidifier, make sure your child does not come close to the steam. Steam burns just as badly if not worse than hot water. Always keep the moistening device well out of your child&rsquo;s reach but also in a place that will allow the steam to circulate in the room.

<h2>3. A bulb syringe (best for babies) and nasal saline drops</h2>

A bulb syringe clears the nose of babies who are too young to blow their own nose. It is helpful if a stuffy nose gets in the way of your baby&rsquo;s breastfeeding or bottle-feeding. Try using it about 15 minutes before feeding your child. 
 
Using a bulb syringe works best for young babies, but if your older baby or child doesn&rsquo;t mind it, there&rsquo;s no reason not to do it. 
 
You can get a bulb syringe and sterile saline nose drops at a chemist store. You can even make saline water at home. Dissolve about half a teaspoon of salt in one cup of boiled and cooled water. Make a fresh batch each day and store it in a clean covered glass jar, to prevent germs from entering. 
 
To use the bulb syringe, tip your baby&rsquo;s head back, and squeeze two to three drops of saline solution into each nostril to thin and loosen the mucus. Try to keep her head still afterwards for about 10 seconds. 
 
Once the saline drops have loosened the mucus, use the bulb syringe to suck it out. Squeeze the bulb of the syringe, and then gently insert the tip into your baby&rsquo;s nostril. Then slowly release the bulb to collect the mucus. Before using the syringe in the other nostril, remove the mucus from the bulb by squeezing it in a sink or tissue. Clean it in a bowl of cool, boiled water before using it on the other nostril. 
 
If your baby gets upset by the syringe, use the saline drops and then gently wipe the lower part of her nostrils with a cotton swab or napkin. If the mucus is dried up on the outer rim of your baby&rsquo;s nose, try putting a drop of baby oil or petroleum jelly on a cotton swab or soft muslin square, and gently wipe it clean. Take care not to put any oil, cream or any other nasal drops inside your baby&#39;s nose without first checking with her doctor. 
 
Cautions: 
If you&rsquo;d like to try this method, speak to your child&rsquo;s paediatrician first. She will show you how to use the bulb syringe correctly so that it doesn&rsquo;t cause any injuries or trauma to your child&rsquo;s nasal cavity. 
 
Sucking out mucus from your baby&rsquo;s nose more than a few times a day might irritate the lining of her nose, so it is best not to do it too often. Check with your doctor about how often and for how many days you need to use saline drops. 
 
Nasal decongestant sprays shouldn&rsquo;t be used unless specifically prescribed by your baby&rsquo;s doctor.

<h2>4. Extra fluids (six months and up)</h2>

Studies show that warm liquids are soothing and relieve cold symptoms like aches, fatigue, congestion and fever. Drinking plenty of fluids also helps prevent dehydration, which can happen easily with a cold. It also flushes and thins your child&rsquo;s nasal mucus. 
 
Traditionally, mothers prefer to give warm liquids such as soups, Holy basil and ginger tea (tulsi aur adrak ki chai), besan ka sheera, dal soup and so on. 
 
Many mothers also find that cool liquids are just as helpful and comforting for their child, especially in the summer. You may like to try home made fresh juices, nimbu pani, fruit smoothies, lassi and ice lollies made from juice. 
 
Cautions: 
Stick to breastmilk for babies younger than six months old. Breastfed babies don&rsquo;t need extra water even in hot weather. Just offer frequent breastfeeds to quench your baby&#39;s thirst and to keep her hydrated. 
 
Formula-fed babies and babies on solids can have extra water. Don&rsquo;t give your baby fruit juices or carbonated drinks, particularly if your baby&rsquo;s dehydrated because of diarrhoea and vomiting.

<h2>5. Honey (12 months and up)</h2>

Honey coats and soothes the throat and helps tame a cough. Evidence suggests that honey can be effective at easing coughs and may help children sleep better overnight. Your child must be at least a year old to try this remedy. 
 
Some people mix honey with hot water and add a squeeze of lemon, which provides a little vitamin C along with the soothing honey. Another popular traditional remedy for colds (especially a sore throat) includes mixing honey with a bit of ginger juice and a dash of black pepper. 
 
Because honey is a form of sugar, it can be damaging to your child&rsquo;s teeth. It&rsquo;s important that your child brushes her teeth after she takes it, especially if you give it to her at bedtime. 
 
Depending on the weather in your part of the country, honey can get hard at room temperature. To soften it, boil some water in a pan and remove it from the stove. Set the honey jar in the pan with the hot water for five or ten minutes. The honey will melt to the desired consistency. 
 
Cautions: 
Don&rsquo;t give honey to a child before her first birthday. It can cause a very rare and occasionally fatal illness in babies called infant botulism.

<h2>6. Elevating the head (12 months and up)</h2>

Raising your child&rsquo;s head while she rests can help her breathe more comfortably. You can raise her mattress with the help of towels or pillows. 
 
If your child sleeps in a cot, place the towels or slim pillow between the mattress and the cot. Don&rsquo;t try to raise the legs of her bed or cot by placing bricks or boards as it could make the cot unstable. 
 
If your child sleeps in a big bed, say your family bed, an extra pillow under her head might do the trick. But, if she twists and turns while she sleeps, it&rsquo;s better to raise the head of the mattress instead. This also creates a more gradual, comfortable slope than extra pillows under her head. 
 
Cautions: 
Be careful to not overcrowd the cot or bed with pillows. Keep checking on your child. If your child is a restless sleeper, she might flip around so that her feet are higher than her head, defeating the purpose. 
 
Remember pillows are not recommended for babies under the age of one. Any kind of pillow, soft object and loose bedding can obstruct the infant airway and pose a suffocation risk. These have also been linked to SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) also known as cot death.

<h2>7. Vapour rubs (two years and up)</h2>

Vapour rubs may ease cough and cold symptoms and help some children sleep better at night. Research suggests that their ingredients actually have no effect on nasal congestion, but they make the cold sufferer feel as though she&rsquo;s breathing better by producing a cooling sensation in the nose. 
 
However, keep in mind that paediatricians do not recommend using vapour rub on babies and toddlers younger than two years as it can cause irritation and make babies uncomfortable. 
 
If you&rsquo;re still keen to use vapour rub for your older toddler, speak to your child&rsquo;s doctor. She may be able to recommend vapour rub products made especially for young children. These products contain petrolatum, oils, and eucalyptus (but no camphor or menthol). 
 
If you prefer to use products without petroleum or paraben, then you could consider using natural vapour balms. These are available at ayurvedic stores or online. These balms are typically made with aloe, herbs, oils and essential oils. Even so use any natural products only after checking with your doctor as some with strong smells can worsen wheezing. 
 
Cautions: 
You should always speak to your doctor before using vapour rub for your toddler. When you have the go-ahead, follow her instructions. Don&rsquo;t apply vapour rub anywhere on your child&#39;s face, including her mouth, nose, inside the nostrils or around her eyes. Only apply it on the chest and back. Also, don&rsquo;t put it on broken or sensitive skin as it may irritate the skin.

<h2>8. Nose blowing (two years and up)</h2>

Clearing the nose of mucus helps your child breathe and sleep more easily, and generally makes her feel more comfortable. Many children don&rsquo;t master this skill until after age four, but some are able to by age two. 
 
Tips for teaching nose blowing:

<ul>
	<li>Let your child copy you. For some children, that&rsquo;s all it takes.</li>
	<li>Explain that blowing your nose is &quot;backward smelling.&quot;</li>
	<li>Have your child hold one nostril shut and practice gently blowing air out one side. A mirror or a little piece of tissue under the nose will help her see her breath.</li>
	<li>Teach her to blow gently. Blowing too hard can hurt her ears.</li>
	<li>Give your child her own little packet of disposable tissues. Teach her to throw away used tissues in a covered dustbin and to wash her hands after blowing her nose.</li>
	<li>If your child&rsquo;s nose is sore from all the sniffling and blowing, you can rub a little petroleum jelly or other child-safe ointment around the outside rim of her nostrils.</li>
</ul>

Cautions: 
It&#39;s best to use disposable tissues that can be thrown away easily in a covered bin. 
 
If you choose to use a handkerchief, teach your child how to fold it and use a clean area when she needs to blow her nose. You will need to replace and wash a dirty handkerchief frequently. 
 
Also, teach your child to throw away a used handkerchief in a separate small bucket with a lid. It is still important for her to wash her hands every time she blows her nose to stop the transfer on infections.

<h2>9. A neti pot, also known as a jala neti pot (4 years and up)</h2>

A neti pot flushes a mild saline solution through the nostrils. It moisturises the area and thins, loosens, and rinses away mucus. This is a popular yoga nasal cleansing technique also known as &#39;jala neti&#39;. Roughly translated, it means cleansing with water. Some researchers have found that saline nasal wash solutions help to relieve cold symptoms. 
 
A neti pot looks like a very small watering can or teapot, and is typically ceramic or metal. Neti pots are available at several chemist shops, ayurvedic stores and online. 
 
Fill the pot with warm saline water. Tilt your child&#39;s head sideways over the sink, and placing the spout of the pot in the top nostril. The water will flow gently through the top nostril and out the other nostril. Tell your child to breathe through her mouth through the procedure. This takes a little practice, but it&#39;s easy once you get the hang of it. Once it works one side, repeat on the other side. 
 
If you&#39;d like to learn from a professional, then many yoga instructors are qualified to teach Jala neti. Try practising on yourself before teaching your child to use a neti pot. Let your child watch you use it. If she agrees to try it, help her to use it. 
 
You&#39;ll need your child to be cooperative. Using a neti pot isn&#39;t painful, but does feel strange at first. It&#39;s definitely not for babies or young toddlers, and older children (and adults) might not agree to use it. 
 
Cautions: 
Don&#39;t force a child who&#39;s not interested. This needs to be a very gentle procedure, or else your child may get upset and her nasal passage damaged.

<h2>10. Gargling with salt water (4 years and up)</h2>

Gargling with salt water is a time-honoured way to soothe a sore throat the world over. It also helps clear mucus from the throat and ease nasal congestion. While scientists haven&#39;t found out exactly why it works, studies have shown that the remedy is effective. 
 
It is also a very simple remedy. Put half a teaspoon of salt in a glass of warm water and stir. If your child doesn&#39;t mind the taste, a squirt or two of fresh lemon juice can be a soothing addition. 
Your child must be old enough to learn to gargle. That usually means school age or older. But some children can manage it sooner. 
 
A few tips for teaching your child to gargle:

<ul>
	<li>Practise with plain water.</li>
	<li>Ask your child to tilt her head up and try to hold the water in the back of her throat without swallowing it.</li>
	<li>Once she&#39;s comfortable doing that, have her try to make sounds with her throat. Show her what that looks and sounds like.</li>
	<li>Teach her to spit out the water rather than swallow it.</li>
</ul>

Aim for gargling three or four times a day while your child is sick. 
 
Cautions: 
Always check the temperature of the water, especially if you have heated it in a microwave. The cup may appear cooler outside but the water can be hot enough to cause burns. Always use filtered, warm water for gargles.

Yes! Pregnancy can indeed turn out to be a memorable as well as the most beautiful part of your life. Before you start preparing yourself for a new beginning, it may be vital to make a few changes in your lifestyle and daily routines. You may have to change numerous things for the healthy development of your baby. However, to make such changes, one will need to analyze the condition of their body and undergo a few pregnancy tests and scans. 

<h2>Why Must A Pregnant Woman Undergo Scans And Tests? </h2>

During pregnancy, every woman&rsquo;s body functions in a different manner. Therefore, to track the constant changes happening in a pregnant woman&rsquo;s body, she may have to undergo a few pregnancy tests. These tests help to ensure the baby&rsquo;s good health. Apart from that, these pregnancy tests also help to detect the presence of any underlying health problems. Therefore, it thus becomes essential for you to undergo pregnancy tests and scans. 

Although most of the tests may be optional, it is a recommendation that you do not skip any of them. As you move forward in the beautiful journey of your pregnancy, your doctor will recommend several scans and tests for the well-being of you and the baby. Towards the end of the second trimester, you must not miss some crucial tests. Let&#39;s learn more about them: 

<h3>Anomaly Scan </h3>

An anomaly scan helps have a close look at your cervix, uterus, and baby. It helps to observe the baby&rsquo;s growth and development and detect any congenital disabilities or structural problems. Usually, this test takes place when you are 20 weeks pregnant. It is also known as a Morphology scan, and the sonographer can check the position of the placenta besides looking at the baby&#39;s movements. 

The doctor will advise you to drink lots of water and avoid passing urine before the scan. The doctor will allow you to enjoy the view on the screen and will later hand over the video recording on a CD also. Seeing your baby on screen is a treat for the eyes. 

<h3>Other Monitoring Tests </h3>

You will undergo blood tests, urine tests, fetal anomaly scan, sugar tests, blood pressure levels, and other ultrasound scans several times during your pregnancy. Don&#39;t get anxious because all these tests are for your safety and the unborn child&#39;s well-being. The doctors monitor and track the growth and development of the baby, and if there is something fishy, they inform the parents and counsel them for treatment or termination of the pregnancy if required. 

<h3>Body Check-up Test </h3>

Besides regular check-ups at your gynecologist&#39;s clinic, the doctor will examine and check your belly size, the heartbeat of the baby, protein levels, urine glucose levels, weight, edema (swelling on your hands and feet if any), levels of amniotic fluid, and the bones of the baby, etc. 

The doctor will check the structure and shape of your baby&rsquo;s head (HC), neck, cleft lip, baby&rsquo;s spine, baby&rsquo;s abdominal wall (AC), thigh bone, baby&rsquo;s heart, baby&rsquo;s kidneys, feet, legs, arms, and hands. It is imperative to monitor the position of the baby in the womb. 

<h2>What Your Doctor May Suggest After You Undergo Pregnancy Tests </h2>

Your doctor will ask you several questions about the medical history of your family, any medications, or supplements that you are taking, fetal movements, sleep patterns, your diet, workout routine during pregnancy, symptoms of preeclampsia, and preterm labor, if any. You must immediately seek medical help if you experience these symptoms during pregnancy: 

<h3>Vaginal Bleeding </h3>

If you experience any vaginal bleeding during your late pregnancy months, it may be a life-threatening case. Such a condition is termed Abruptio placentae. Although such a condition may happen at any time, it is usually quite common during the months of your third trimester. Make sure to undergo a 20 week scan immediately if you experience this symptom. 

<h3>Abdominal Pain </h3>

Abdominal pain may be due to gas, false labor, or even due to constipation. Although these conditions may cause a bit of discomfort, they should not cause too much pain. However, if you experience severe pain, it may be due to a urinary tract infection or other underlying problem. Consult your doctor as soon as possible if you experience severe pain during your late pregnancy months. 

<h3>Fever Or Shivering </h3>

Experiencing fever or shivering during pregnancy may be caused due to the constant changes happening in your body. However, if you have a temperature of more than 100&deg;F, you must immediately seek medical help. Fever during these stages may indicate an issue with your baby&rsquo;s health. In fact, if unusual symptoms accompany your fever, then it is high time you got a check-up done! 

<h3>Nausea </h3>

You may feel nauseous or sick two days or one day before your labor pain begins. However, others may experience this condition during active labor. Thus, this is because the digestion flow halts during labor. If a mother has just eaten and is already feeling full during the beginning of labor, she may feel nauseous. However, extreme nausea may also indicate other underlying problems. Make sure to get in touch with your doctor before the situation worsens! 

<h3>Blurring Of Vision </h3>

Experiencing a blurry vision can turn out to be quite common during pregnancy. Although this is not a sign of miscarriage, an unexpected or a sudden change in your vision, primarily during pregnancy, can signify a grave issue. A few of the problems include gestational diabetes. Apart from that, the risk of experiencing a condition known as preeclampsia may also be increased. Therefore, consider seeking an appointment if you observe such sudden changes. 

<h3>Burning Sensation And Pain During Urination </h3>

This condition may indicate the presence of a urinary tract infection. The constant discomfort and pain may range from mild to severe. Therefore, it is recommended that you visit your doctor and get the condition treated as soon as possible. 

<h3>Fluid Discharge From The Vagina </h3>

A fluid discharge is usually normal, and it may seem to get a bit heavier as your pregnancy phase slowly progresses. In fact, a heavy discharge during your third trimester could mean early labor. Therefore, it is usually best to seek medical help before your labor pain worsens. 

<h3>Extreme Swelling Or Pain In Any Part Of The Body </h3>

As your delivery date comes nearer, you may experience swelling in your ankles or legs. In fact, a few of your body parts may appear puffy or swollen. Such a condition is termed edema. You may also experience swelling on your face or hands. However, if you experience any sort of pain in the swollen regions, it could indicate a grave health condition. If the swelling or pain does not seem to go away, get it checked immediately. 

<h3>Continuous Headache </h3>

Usually, a pregnant woman may experience headaches due to stress or poor posture. Since you will be carrying additional weight on your tummy, your posture may change. However, more prolonged and severe headaches may indicate the presence of preeclampsia, a condition that can raise your blood pressure to extreme levels, especially during pregnancy. 

<h2>Conclusion </h2>

Undergoing a list of scans during pregnancy during a stage where your body may be vulnerable to numerous health problems can help you prevent many life-threatening conditions. Early treatment can ensure the healthy delivery of your baby. Besides, it may also help you avoid any issues post-partum. 

It is usual for you to be anxious during the tests or scans. However, this is undertaken only for the healthy development of your baby. Your doctor may suggest a few supplements or medicines that can help you keep your health in check. It is advised that you go for a check-up once every four to six weeks!

<h3>Meta Description </h3>

You may have to take pregnancy tests and scans to ensure the good health of your baby. Continue reading to know more about the pregnancy tests you can take!

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Boils can be a terrible thing to watch on your baby, especially if the boil has burst and pus comes from it. Children are more susceptible to infections, and hence, it becomes mandatory to pay extra attention to your toddler&#39;s hygiene. 
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What is a boil? 
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An infection in an oil gland or hair follicle causes a boil to form on the skin. The infection is caused by a bacterium known as staphylococcus aureus, which is widely seen in hospitals. This bacterium can be found on our skin, in our nose, and in our mouths. These bacteria are generally prevented from entering the body and causing illnesses by the skin&#39;s natural barrier. 
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You&#39;ll see a red lump on your toddler&#39;s skin when the boil is first formed. After some time, the lump starts to turn white, with pus accumulating in it. If there is pus, be sure that your child is in a lot of pain! 
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The most common places where your child could get boils are the face, thighs, neck, armpits, and buttocks. 
 
</div>

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Treatment for pus and boils on your toddler&#39;s skin 
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Regular cleaning of the affected area will help in spreading the infection. Use some antiseptic wash and cotton to clean the boil if it bursts. If the boil keeps getting bigger by the day, it is best to consult a doctor as the doctor will prescribe a few antibiotics that will help get rid of the boil. Complete the course and do not leave it mid-way. A deep-level boil will be taken care of by the doctor using surgical methods. Don&#39;t worry about the pain; your baby will be under the influence of anesthesia! 
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Home remedies to get rid of boils 
</div>

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Seeing your baby suffer due to boils can be a harrowing scene. Here are a few remedies you can try at home before rushing to the doctor: 
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<ol start="1" style="list-style-type:decimal">
	<li>
	Alcohol 
	</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>

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If the boils are on your baby&#39;s head, you can try rubbing alcohol on the affected area. Alcohol helps in disinfecting the affected area. 
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<ol start="2" style="list-style-type:decimal">
	<li>
	Coconut oil 
	</li>
</ol>
</div>

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If there are multiple boils on your baby&#39;s head, apply coconut oil as it helps in cooling down the boil. 
</div>

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</div>
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<ol start="3" style="list-style-type:decimal">
	<li>
	Warm Compress 
	</li>
</ol>
</div>

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A warm compress is a great way to heal the boil and be placed on the affected area multiple times a day. It also facilitates pus to get out of the boil and enhance fast healing. 
</div>

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<ol start="4" style="list-style-type:decimal">
	<li>
	Turmeric 
	</li>
</ol>
</div>

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Due to the antiseptic properties of turmeric, it helps in quick healing. All you have to do is apply turmeric on the boil and let it be for some time. 
</div>
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<ol start="5" style="list-style-type:decimal">
	<li>
	Honey 
	</li>
</ol>
</div>

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Honey is a natural antiseptic that plays a vital role in healing the boil. 
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<ol start="6" style="list-style-type:decimal">
	<li>
	Porridge compress 
	</li>
</ol>
</div>
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A warm porridge compress can be made by wrapping porridge in a clean cotton cloth. Next, dip it in hot milk. Porridge is known to reduce inflammation. 
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<ol start="7" style="list-style-type:decimal">
	<li>
	Onion and garlic juice 
	</li>
</ol>
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A mix of garlic and onion juice will kill the bacteria and facilitate quick healing. 
</div>
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<h2 style="text-align:justify">Introduction</h2>

Pregnancy is considered one of the most beautiful phases of a woman&#39;s life. Yet there are a lot of changes you must be ready to experience pre and postpartum. The majority of the changes you see in your body result from hormonal activities. The thyroid gland is one of the major glands that regulate the hormonal activity in your body. The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones, which are shaped like a little butterfly on the front of your neck. Thyroid hormones control how your body uses energy and affect almost every organ in your body, including the rate at which your heart beats. Thyroid hormones are also essential for your baby&#39;s brain and nervous system to develop normally. Therefore, you must monitor your thyroid health during pregnancy and know how often to check thyroid levels during pregnancy.

<h2>Pregnancy and thyroid activity</h2>

In some women, the thyroid is overstimulated during pregnancy. This results in alterations in thyroid hormone concentrations. When this increases, this condition is known as hyperthyroidism. The thyroid gland is understimulated during pregnancy in a different group of women. This also alters the thyroid hormone concentrations. The difference here is that the thyroid hormone concentration is decreased. This condition of reduced thyroid activity is called hypothyroidism. Both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are unfavourable conditions. It is, therefore, important that you understand these two conditions and monitor your thyroid activity at the right intervals. Hence, you are aware of how to keep yourself and your child healthy during and after your pregnancy.

<h2>Hypothyroidism during pregnancy</h2>

Compared to hyperthyroidism, pregnant hypothyroidism has a higher prevalence (2.5%) and can result in neonatal and infant cognitive abnormalities and maternal obstetric problems. Hypothyroidism during pregnancy manifests as extreme tiredness, inability to cope with cold conditions, muscle cramping, severe cases of constipation, and difficulties with memory and the ability to concentrate on things. In some cases, hypothyroidism is mild and might not display external symptoms during pregnancy. The cause of hypothyroidism during pregnancy is often an autoimmune condition known as Hashimoto&#39;s disease, and 2 or 3 out of any random hundred pregnant women could be affected. If you have Hashimoto&#39;s disease, your immune system attacks the thyroid, which results in inflammation and damage that impairs the thyroid&#39;s ability to produce thyroid hormones. Hypothyroidism could have the following effects on you and your child if left untreated:

<ul>
	<li>Stillbirth: Your child&rsquo;s life may be lost during delivery or after twenty-four weeks of your pregnancy</li>
	<li>Miscarriage: You may lose your fetus before the 20th week of your pregnancy.</li>
	<li>Anaemia: Anaemia is a condition in which there is a deficiency of healthy red blood cells in your blood. These cells are essential for oxygen to reach all parts of your body.</li>
	<li>Congestive heart failure: It is a heart failure condition in which your heart loses pumping power. This results in fluid building up in your body. However, this condition is rare.</li>
	<li>Low birth weight: Your child might not have sufficient weight at birth and might require additional support and supplements.</li>
	<li>Preeclampsia: It is a dangerous condition in which your blood pressure may rise to unhealthy levels in the late stages of your pregnancy.</li>
	<li>IQ and developmental issues: The thyroid hormones are very crucial for your baby&#39;s nervous system development and brain. Furthermore, untreated hypothyroidism, particularly in the first trimester, can result in a low IQ and developmental issues.</li>
</ul>

Hyperthyroidism after pregnancy/during pregnancy: Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy is not very common. In normal pregnancies, some signs of hyperthyroidism, such as tiredness, a faster heart rate, and difficulty adjusting to the heat. Some other symptoms of hyperthyroidism that you have to look out for are: Irregularities in your heartbeat, trembling or shaking in your hands, weight loss that is unexplained, or not experiencing normal pregnancy weight gain. Graves&#39; disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. Graves&#39; disease is an autoimmune disease that affects the body&#39;s immune system. Your immune system produces antibodies that cause the thyroid to produce too much thyroid hormone due to this condition. Untreated hyperthyroidism could lead to the following situations or conditions:

<ul>
	<li>Miscarriage</li>
	<li>Premature birth: Your child could be born before the completion of your normal gestational period, before attaining full or the necessary growth.</li>
	<li>Low birthweight</li>
	<li>Preeclampsia</li>
	<li>Congestive heart failure</li>
	<li>Hyperthyroidism in the baby: The antibody responsible for this condition may travel into your child&rsquo;s bloodstream and lead to hyperthyroidism in your child as well.</li>
</ul>

<h2>When to check thyroid levels during pregnancy?</h2>

On a concluding note, you must monitor your thyroid levels during pregnancy. Depending on your condition, the frequency changes. If you have hypothyroidism, thyroid blood tests should be done every four to six weeks during pregnancy. If you have hyperthyroidism, you have to undergo tests every four weeks or at a frequency set by your endocrinologist. We hope that this article&#39;s information helped you know when to check thyroid levels after pregnancy and how often to check thyroid levels during pregnancy.

References

<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3625634/">Thyroid Function Testing in Pregnancy and Thyroid Disease: Trimester-specific Reference Intervals - PMC (nih.gov)</a>

<a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/pregnancy-thyroid-disease#:~:text=What%20are%20the%20symptoms%20of%20hypothyroidism%20in%20pregnancy%3F,severe%20constipation%205%20problems%20with%20memory%20or%20concentration">Thyroid Disease &amp; Pregnancy | NIDDK (nih.gov)</a>

<a href="https://www.btf-thyroid.org/pregnancy-and-thyroid-disorders-guidance-for-patients">Pregnancy and thyroid disorders - guidance for patients | British Thyroid Foundation (btf-thyroid.org)</a>

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Cough and cold become easily treatable in adults because of the numerous medicines available. But what happens when your little toddler is suffering from a cold and cough? Well, the first thing is that you lose your sleep and mind over it. All you want is for your baby to heal and be comfortable. Home remedies are best if tried religiously and have shown significant improvements in a child&#39;s health. Here is a list of a few of the best home remedies for your toddler: 
</div>

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<ol start="1" style="list-style-type:decimal">
	<li>
	Nasal saline drops and a bulb syringe 
	</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>

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The bulb syringe used in combination with nasal saline drops works best for toddlers who do not know how to blow their nose. All you have to do is squeeze 2-3 drops of saline drops into each of your baby&#39;s nostrils by holding their head back and still for about 10 seconds. Once the mucus is loosened, the bulb syringe can help you get the mucus out of your baby&#39;s nose. If your baby does not do well with a bulb syringe, simply put the nasal saline drops and wait for the mucus to dilate. Once it does, clean it with a soft napkin.
</div>

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<ol start="2" style="list-style-type:decimal">
	<li>
	Steam 
	</li>
</ol>
</div>

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Breathing in steam will loosen the mucus inside the nose and provide instant relief. A Vaporizer or a Humidifier would be great options to do the same. Alternatively, you and sit with your child in the bathroom at a distance from a hot shower. This way, your baby will be able to take in the steam from the hot shower. 
</div>
</div>

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<ol start="3" style="list-style-type:decimal">
	<li>
	Lots of fluids 
	</li>
</ol>
</div>

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A good quantity of fluid helps your baby to stay hydrated at all times. Warm liquids such as warm water, hot moong pani, vegetable soups, dal soup etc., help in relieving cold symptoms such as aches, congestion, fever and fatigue. If you are still breastfeeding your baby, there&#39;s nothing better than that. 
</div>

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<ol start="4" style="list-style-type:decimal">
	<li>
	Elevate your baby&rsquo;s head 
	</li>
</ol>
</div>

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One way to help your baby breathe during sleep is to raise your baby&#39;s head while she sleeps. All you have to do is stuff some extra pillows under your baby&rsquo;s head and above the mattress so that her head is at an angle. 
</div>
</div>

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	<li>
	A lot of rest 
	</li>
</ol>
</div>

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Who doesn&#39;t want to rest due to illness? Whether kids or adults, nobody likes to be disturbed when they&#39;re sleeping. When your baby is ill, it means that her body is fighting an infection within. Due to this, all your baby&#39;s energy goes into fighting the infection, which wears her out. Hence, your baby would need some undisturbed and undivided rest! 
</div>

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A sick child can dilute your thinking capability, but as a parent, it is crucial to keep calm and be patient with your child, no matter how tough it gets! 
</div>
</div>

<h2>What is a urinary tract infection?</h2>

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that occurs in the urinary tract. 
 
Your baby&#39;s urinary tract consists of her kidneys, bladder, ureters and urethra. The urethra is the tube that runs down from your baby&#39;s bladder to her genitals. 
 
An infection can happen when bacteria spread into the urethra from the skin around your baby&#39;s bottom and genitals. The bacteria can cause inflammation at any point along the tract.

<h2>How will I know if my baby has a UTI?</h2>

It can be difficult to tell if a baby has a UTI. If your baby is unwell with any of the following it could mean she has a UTI:

<ul>
	<li>fever</li>
	<li>vomiting</li>
	<li>sleepy and lethargic</li>
	<li>irritable</li>
	<li>not feeding well</li>
	<li>not gaining weight properly</li>
	<li>jaundice</li>
	<li>blood in her urine</li>
	<li>cloudy urine</li>
	<li>unpleasant-smelling urine</li>
</ul>

 
If your child is older and potty trained, she may need to pee a lot and it may be painful when she does. She may not want to empty her bladder if it hurts to pass urine, and she may complain of a tummy ache.

<h2>Should I take my child to the doctor if I suspect she has UTI?</h2>

It&#39;s important to take your baby to your doctor if you think she has a UTI. If her infection is left untreated, it could move to her kidneys and cause problems. 
 
If your baby has signs of a UTI, your doctor may recommend that she get tested. The test will require your baby&rsquo;s sterile urine sample to be collected to find out which bacteria are causing it. 
 
If you can manage to get your baby to pee directly in a sterile you can submit that sample. Sterile containers are provided by the testing lab or you can get one from the local chemist. 
 
In case that doesn&rsquo;t work a nurse or a lab personnel may insert a tiny catheter (thin, flexible, sterile tube) through the urethra to collect the sample. 
 
If your child is older and toilet trained, she may be able to pass urine directly into a sterile container. This can be done by you at home or at the lab. 
 
In addition to the regular urine test, your doctor might recommend a more detailed urine culture. The results of the culture will take a few extra days to arrive. 
 
If your baby is younger than six months or has had several UTIs, your doctor may refer her for other tests. Your baby may have a scan called a renal ultrasound. The scan will check how her kidneys and bladder are working.

<h2>How will my baby&#39;s UTI be treated?</h2>

Your doctor will prescribe your baby a course of antibiotics to take at home for three days. Your baby&#39;s UTI should clear up within two days after treatment starts. Make sure your baby finishes the course of antibiotics, even if she seems better. 
 
If the infection is in your baby&#39;s kidney, she will need antibiotics for seven days to 10 days. 
 
You should take your baby to see your doctor again if her condition gets worse or if she has any new symptoms. New symptoms can be a sign of sepsis, which happens when the body starts to attack its own tissues and organs. It probably isn&#39;t sepsis, but it&#39;s important to get her checked again anyway. 
 
If your baby is under three months old or very unwell, she will need to go to hospital, where she will be given antibiotics through a drip in her arm.

<h2>Is there anything I can do to prevent my baby getting a UTI?</h2>

Some babies are more prone to UTIs, but there are a few things you can do to help prevent your baby from getting one:

<ul>
	<li>Wipe your baby&#39;s bottom from front to back when you change her nappy.</li>
	<li>Change her nappy as soon as she&#39;s done a poo.</li>
	<li>Make sure your baby gets plenty of fluids to help flush bacteria out of her system. If your baby is exclusively breastfed, offer her more breastfeeds. If she is on formula or on solids, offer her cooled, boiled water at regular intervals.</li>
	<li>If your child is potty trained and old enough to clean herself, teach her to wipe her bottom from front to back and wash herself properly.</li>
	<li>Encourage your child to go to the toilet regularly.</li>
</ul>

Whose mouth won&#39;t water for ice cream? But, if ice creams are so tempting and irresistible for grown-ups, think about babies who are still discovering tastes and foods! Having said that, what is the right age for a baby to indulge in the delicacy of ice cream? Well, ask a mother, and she&#39;d say, NEVER! But don&#39;t you feel like making your baby taste a pinch of ice cream when you are eating one? Can you ignore their cute little face asking for it? Impossible, isn&#39;t it? 

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Wait For Some Time 
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All emotions aside, it is best to wait until your baby is one year old before you can get him/her to eat ice cream. Your baby&#39;s tummy is tiny and digestive capabilities are low. Once your baby is a year old, he/she would have gotten used to all the dairy products like cow/buffalo milk, curd, cheese, paneer, etc. 
</div>

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Ice cream = Unhealthy Food 
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But do you think ice cream will do any good for your baby&#39;s health? It is not enriched with vitamins and minerals. Being a parent, you only want to give your baby nutritious food because this is their growing age, and what you build now will last forever. Ice creams are full of sugar, which is not what your baby&#39;s body needs. 
</div>

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If you do want to introduce ice cream to your baby once the cutie turns one, here is a list of things you should remember: 
 
</div>

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<ul style="list-style-type:disc">
	<li>
	Ensure that the ice cream is not bought from a roadside ice cream vendor because cleanliness, quality, and good storage conditions aren&#39;t their main qualities. 
	</li>
</ul>
</div>

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<ul style="list-style-type:disc">
	<li>
	Ensure that the brand you choose for ice cream is a reputed one. Although the pasteurization process, which destroys most bacteria, makes most ice creams safe, it is still advisable to exercise caution when consuming this delectable delicacy. 
	</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>

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<ul style="list-style-type:disc">
	<li>
	Always be sure of the ingredients in the ice cream. At such a tender age, you never know what may cause allergies in your baby. 
	</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div class="BCX0 ListContainerWrapper SCXW5145770" style="padding:0px">
<ul style="list-style-type:disc">
	<li>
	Once in a while is okay, but don&#39;t make it a regular ritual no matter how much your baby tries to convince you with his/her cute little hugs and gestures! Too much ice creams can cause tooth decay in your baby. 
	 
	</li>
	<li>
	Try making ice creams of similar alternatives at home. For example, you can make fruit custard, shrikhand, homemade milkshakes and smoothies, Mishti doi, orange candies (you do get candy moulds in the market!), one and only traditional kheer, lassi of different flavors, and many more healthy options! 
	</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>

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P.S- if your baby is intolerant to lactose, it&#39;s best if you can avoid dairy-based desserts and ice creams. However, the good is news is that there are a lot of dairy-free dessert options available too! 
</div>

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You can prepare a meal plan or chart for your baby&rsquo;s meals and follow it as much as possible. The chart below can help you design your own 6-month-old baby food schedule according to your baby&rsquo;s preferences.

<img alt="" src="https://ik.imagekit.io/l3zzzksiuty/gcp/webP_images/article_1653546813_424541811.webp" style="width:100%" />

Breastfeeding is the sole source of nutrients for an infant until he or she is up to six months. It is the most effective way to provide proper nutrition to the baby. Breast milk is safe and clean and protects the newborn from long terms and short term diseases like asthma, obesity, and diabetes. It is rich in antibodies which in turn protect the baby from disease. In short, breastfeeding keeps the baby healthy.

Now the question is what food the mother should eat while she is breastfeeding. We have got you covered in this article. Below is a list of food items you can include in your diet if you are breastfeeding.

<ul>
	<li>
	<h3>Fish and seafood: </h3>
	</li>
</ul>

Seafood is an important ingredient as it is very nutritious. Fish is rich in protein and has less saturated fat. It also has Omega-3. Nutrients in seafood protect and make the heart stronger.

<ul>
	<li>
	<h3>Protein-rich food: </h3>
	</li>
</ul>

A breastfeeding mother should take at least two to three servings of protein each day. In such cases, meat and poultry food items serve as the best source of protein.

<ul>
	<li>
	<h3>Fruits and vegetables: </h3>
	</li>
</ul>

They are rich in antioxidants and are rich in minerals. They also are a good source to keep oneself hydrated. Hence fruits and vegetables should be added to make a balanced diet.

<ul>
	<li>
	<h3>Nuts and seeds: </h3>
	</li>
</ul>

These are high sources of protein and essential minerals such as iron, zinc, calcium and healthy fats.

As we have seen what is good for a mother who is breastfeeding, let us take a look at what diet one should follow to increase breast milk.

<ul>
	<li>
	<h3>BARLEY AND BARLEY MALT: </h3>
	</li>
</ul>

Yes! These tall grasses of Guinness are key to increasing breast milk production. The catch here is that barley is the richest source of beta-glucan. Beta-glucan is rich in polysaccharides which increase prolactin, a hormone responsible for lactation. Barley malt is a germinated barley grain. When barley germinates, it turns into a sweet syrup and is also used as a replacement for maple syrup.

<ul>
	<li>
	<h3>FENUGREEK SEEDS: </h3>
	</li>
</ul>

These are the seeds obtained from fennel plants and can be a good food item for increasing breast milk. They are known for containing phytoestrogens which help in stimulating lactation. They are very popular for this purpose in East Asia and in India.

<ul>
	<li>
	<h3>GREEN AND RED VEGETABLES: </h3>
	</li>
</ul>

These are the most in the diet meant for increasing breast milk. They are a rich source of vitamins, minerals and enzymes. They can be taken either in the raw form of salad or in the cooked form to decrease the bitter taste. They increase the process of lactation and some are also rich in phytoestrogens.

<ul>
	<li>
	<h3>OATS: </h3>
	</li>
</ul>

They are a big yes for a balanced diet. Also, they are really easy to cook. It works just like barley as it helps in the process of lactation. So you can either have one of them, barley or oats.

<ul>
	<li>
	<h3>GARLIC AND SPICES: </h3>
	</li>
</ul>

Garlic is not only famous for its taste enhancement but is also well known for its positive health benefits and is famous for lactation.

Spices on the other hand are known as food supplements as it enriches our food with elements such as zinc, iron etc which helps in fulfilling the need of a mother who is breastfeeding.

<h2>WHAT NOT TO TAKE WHILE YOU ARE BREASTFEEDING</h2>

<h3>1. ALCOHOL: </h3>

Breastfeeding mothers are advised to limit their alcohol consumption to up to one or two drinks only. This is said so because alcohol affects milk production and decreases it.

<h3>2. CAFFEINE: </h3>

Sometimes breast milk has some amount of caffeine as babies have a hard time digesting it as their metabolism is not that strong. Hence causing irritation and trouble sleeping.

<h3>3. HIGHLY PROCESSED FOOD: </h3>

These food items have high saturated fat and when it goes into the baby&#39;s body through the milk, I can make the child gassy troubling it.

Breastfeeding provides essential and all the nutrients required by the baby. Hence one needs to be very careful that the mother is having a proper diet suitable for breastfeeding because only a healthy mother can produce a healthy baby.

Reference

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify">American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: &quot;Breastfeeding Your Baby.&quot; </li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">CDC: &quot;Proper Handling and Storage of Human Milk.&quot; </li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">National Women&#39;s Health Information Center: &quot;Benefits of Breastfeeding.&quot; </li>
</ul>

Viral infections are caused by viruses, unlike bacterial infections that are caused by bacteria. 
 
There are many different kinds of viruses that can cause a host of infections ranging from mild to severe to life-threatening. 
 
The most common viral is the flu or influenza. But there many other viral infections. Read on to know more about viral infections.

<h2>What is a viral infection?</h2>

Viral infections are caused by viruses that are very small germs. There are thousands of different viruses that can cause a wide range of infectious diseases and health conditions. 
 
Viruses attack the healthy cells in your body. They use the healthy, living host cell to replicate and multiply. Due to this, the infected host cell cannot perform its usual function. Some viruses kill the host cell, while some alter the way a host cell works. The virus then moves on to other cells, infecting or destroying them the same way. This is what causes you to fall sick. 
 
A healthy immune system can fight off most viral infections, but some viruses can cause serious problems. Viruses can affect specific organs or affect the various body systems. Some of the most common viral infections include:

<ul>
	<li>respiratory infections</li>
	<li>skin infections</li>
	<li>infections that affect the gastrointestinal tract, circulatory system or the nervous system</li>
	<li>foodborne infections</li>
	<li>sexually transmitted infections</li>
</ul>

<h2>How does a virus spread?</h2>

Viruses spread in many different ways, depending on the type of virus. They may be transmitted by:

<ul>
	<li>contact or touch</li>
	<li>swallowing</li>
	<li>inhaling droplets</li>
	<li>body fluids and sexually transmitted infection</li>
	<li>transfusion of contaminated blood</li>
	<li>contaminated surfaces, food and water</li>
	<li>through blood-feeding vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks and fleas</li>
	<li>through zoonotic disease &ndash; where a disease that normally affects animals gets transmitted to humans</li>
</ul>

<h2>How will I know if my child has a viral infection?</h2>

Since there are many different kinds of viral infections, the symptoms will probably vary depending on which virus your baby catches. Usually, the first signs of a viral infection are:

<ul>
	<li>fever</li>
	<li>chills</li>
	<li>cough</li>
	<li>sore throat</li>
	<li>cold</li>
	<li>runny or congested nose</li>
	<li>headaches</li>
	<li>fatigue</li>
	<li>vomiting</li>
	<li>poor appetite</li>
	<li>diarrhoea</li>
	<li>tummy pain</li>
	<li>a rash</li>
	<li>being more cranky and fussy</li>
	<li>disturbed sleep</li>
</ul>

Your baby is likely to suffer from quite a few sniffles, rashes and tummy upsets in the initial years while her immune system is still maturing. 
 
It can also be hard to know what&#39;s serious and what&#39;s not, because your baby can&#39;t tell you how she&#39;s feeling. 
 
So always consult your doctor if you notice any of these symptoms to rule out any other infection or illness. 
 
Always trust your instincts. If your instinct tells you that your baby is unwell no matter how old she is, you&#39;re probably right. If your baby has any other symptom that worries you, play it safe and make the call.

<h2>How is a viral infection treated?</h2>

Many viral infections resolve on their own, so no treatment is necessary. 
 
Antibiotics don&rsquo;t help in viral infections. Medicines are only given to relieve the symptoms of fever, body ache, cold or cough while your baby&#39;s immune system fights off the virus. These symptomatic treatments can help your baby feel better. 
 
You will have to wait for the virus to take its course for your baby to feel better, which can be anywhere from three days to a week. During this time, she&#39;ll benefit from plenty of rest and fluids. 
 
In most cases, antivirals are not given. Only children who get admitted to hospital, are treated with antivirals. This is usually if they have a medical condition, like heart disease or if they were born prematurely, or if they have any malignancies. 
 
However, antibiotics may be necessary, if your child a secondary or bacterial infection as a result of the viral infection. 
 
Follow the instructions to the letter for giving your child her antibiotic medication. If you stop giving the antibiotic too soon, the bacteria can re-emerge quickly in a more severe form. 
 
In some cases, if your baby develops an aggressive infection, whether viral or bacterial, she may need to get admitted to the hospital for treatment.

<h2>When is a viral infection in babies serious?</h2>

A viral infection is usually not serious, and can take between three days to seven days to clear. Get your baby to the doctor straight away if you notice any of these danger signs:

<ul>
	<li>persistent coughing that doesn&rsquo;t seem to get better even after a week</li>
	<li>diarrhoea that continues despite medication</li>
	<li>blood in stools</li>
	<li>fever that continues for a week or more</li>
	<li>fits or seizures</li>
	<li>refusing to eat or drink anything</li>
	<li>continued vomiting</li>
	<li>breathing difficulties</li>
	<li>unusual sleepiness or drowsiness</li>
	<li>an ashen or bluish tint to her skin, lips, and fingernails.</li>
	<li>signs of dehydration like reduced urine output, dry mucous membranes, sunken fontanelle and dry skin.</li>
</ul>

<h2>How can I help my baby feel better when she&#39;s down with a viral?</h2>

Offer plenty of fluids

Your child will be losing a lot of fluid through the fever, diarrhoea and vomiting. If you&#39;re still breastfeeding, let your baby breastfeed as often as she wishes. For babies on formula feeds and on solid foods, water is the best drink. 
 
Older babies on solids can have coconut water, lemonade (nimbu pani), lassi and buttermilk (chhaach). It&#39;s best not to give fruit juice to your child until she is at least two years old. Juice is not as healthy for your child as feeding her the fresh fruit itself. 
 
If necessary, your doctor might prescribe some Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS). This solution will give your little one all the nutrients she has lost. You can give it to your baby even if she&#39;s just breastfeeding. 
 
Give nutritious food 
Breastmilk or formula provides all the nutrition your baby needs if she&#39;s under six months. 
 
If your child is older than six months or on solids, offer her soft, easy to digest foods. Soups, lentils (dals), khichdi and porridge, make great choices. 
 
Fruits and vegetables are an important food group and provide vital minerals and vitamins the body needs. So, give your baby plenty of these but as pur&eacute;es or finger foods rather than as juice. 
 
Read more on what to feed a sick child. 
 
Let her rest 
Let your child rest in a quiet room. This will help her fight the illness and get stronger. If you can, keep her in a separate room while she recovers. This will also prevent her from spreading the germs to other family members and children in the house. 
 
Lower the fever 
If your child has a high fever, you can sponge her body with some lukewarm water. This will refresh her and help bring down her temperature. Read about some non-medical ways to reduce fever.

<h2>How can I protect my child from getting a viral infection?</h2>

Viral infections are most common during seasonal changes, so be extra careful during those times of the year. You can also minimise your baby&#39;s exposure to germs and boost her defences by:

<ul>
	<li>Making sure her vaccinations are up to date.</li>
	<li>Following good hand hygiene. This is the best way to stop germs from spreading.</li>
	<li>Sterilising your baby&#39;s feeding equipment properly.</li>
	<li>Taking care of food and water safety.</li>
	<li>Staying away from sick people, enclosed, crowded spaces, especially during an active disease outbreak.</li>
	<li>Not sharing toys, dishes, bed linen or towels with anyone who is sick.</li>
	<li>Using a tissue while coughing or sneezing. Be sure to throw the tissue in a covered bin straight away, and then wash your hands. This will help to contain germs.</li>
	<li>Disinfecting surfaces that are touched and used frequently.</li>
	<li>Avoiding secondhand smoke and pollutants.</li>
	<li>Keeping your home safe, clean and well ventilated.</li>
</ul>

<h2>How are viral infections different from bacterial infections?</h2>

Both viral and bacterial infections can make you sick. They often have similar symptoms such as fever, chills, body ache and malaise, but some of the main differences are: 
 
Viral infection

<ul>
	<li>A viral infection is caused by a virus.</li>
	<li>A virus needs a host cell to reproduce and multiply.</li>
	<li>Antibiotics aren&#39;t necessary because they have no effect on viruses.</li>
	<li>A viral is usually quite a common infection and subsides within a week.</li>
</ul>

Bacterial infection

<ul>
	<li>Bacterial infections are caused by bacteria.</li>
	<li>Bacteria can reproduce on their own and don&rsquo;t need a host cell.</li>
	<li>There are good and bad bacteria. Good bacteria, for example, the gut bacteria, help in digestion. Only a few harmful bacteria cause serious illnesses.</li>
	<li>Antibiotics are usually required to treat bacterial illnesses. The antibiotic kills the specific bacterium that caused the disease.</li>
	<li>The treatment could be for a few days or for several weeks, depending on the type of infection and how your body is responding to it.</li>
</ul>

 
Sometimes a secondary infection may follow a viral. This may be due to a bacterial infection. If this happens, your doctor is likely to prescribe antibiotics. 
 
In some cases, diagnosing a bacterial or viral infection may not be straightforward. Some illnesses such as diarrhoea, meningitis or pneumonia can be caused by either viruses or bacteria. 
 
Depending on the infection, your doctor will advise urine, blood or stool tests or &quot;culture&quot; tests to identify the infection. In some cases, a swab from your nose or throat may also be taken. 
 
Both viral and bacterial infections can lead to serious illness if left untreated, so you should speak to your doctor at the earliest.

Following a food schedule helps immensely in planning and preparing baby meals. It also helps in incorporating a variety of recipes that balance the nutritional requirements of the baby. Here is a sample 7-month-old baby food schedule that you can follow, to design your own chart.

<img alt="" src="https://ik.imagekit.io/l3zzzksiuty/gcp/webP_images/article_1653554667_1451726428.webp" style="width:100%" />

<h2>What is ringworm?</h2>

Ringworm is a contagious fungal infection of the skin that has nothing to do with worms. It&#39;s called ringworm because the infection appears as a rash in a ring or round shape. 
 
It can be itchy, but it&#39;s not painful or dangerous. It&#39;s the same fungus that causes athlete&#39;s foot. It&#39;s common in children and usually affects only the body or scalp.

<h2>What does a ringworm rash look like?</h2>

If your baby has ringworm, she will have a rash of one or several red rings on her chest, stomach, thighs, or back. The rings will be crusty or scaly on the outside and smooth in the middle. They may also feel itchy. As the fungus grows, the rings get larger, ranging in size from a few millimetres to a few centimetres. 
 
Ringworm can also affect your baby&#39;s scalp. It usually appears as dandruff or bald patches. It can be dry and crusty, or moist and filled with pus. It is easy to confuse ringworm with dandruff or cradle cap. 
 
See a photo of ringworm in our rashes and skin conditions gallery.

<h2>How did my baby get ringworm?</h2>

The ringworm fungus would have entered your baby&#39;s body through broken skin, such as a cut or scratch, or a patch of eczema. Your baby probably got it from an infected person or pet, or from touching contaminated sheets, towels, toys, or clothes. Your baby could also have got it from infected soil if she was crawling around in the garden or park. 
 
Scalp ringworm is much more likely to have been passed to your baby from another person, from sharing a hairbrush, towels, bed linen, or hat. Shared public facilities, such as swimming pools, public toilets, or changing room showers, are also potential sources of ringworm infection.

<h2>How should I treat my baby&#39;s ringworm?</h2>

For any unusual rash on your baby, start by talking with his doctor. She will decide the best treatment for you baby. This could include: 
 
Antifungal cream 
Your baby&#39;s ringworm should clear up if you treat it with an antifungal cream, the same type of cream used for athlete&#39;s foot. Look for a product with one per cent or two per cent of clotrimazole or miconazole. Ask your paediatrician for advice. 
 
Put a small amount of the cream over and a little bit beyond the infected area twice a day. Carry on treating it for a further one week to two weeks once the rash has cleared. Remember to wash your hands thoroughly afterwards. 
 
Some children are sensitive to these creams, so try using only a little bit of the cream first to see how your baby&#39;s skin reacts. 
 
If a rash develops in response to the cream, take your baby to the doctor. Your doctor will suggest alternative creams. 
 
Ringworm should get better with treatment in about four weeks. If your baby&#39;s ringworm carries on for longer than this, take her to the doctor. 
 
If your baby has a stubborn case of ringworm, the doctor may prescribe something stronger than the over-the-counter cream. And in some rare cases (rarely), an oral medication is also necessary. 
 
Medicated shampoo and oral antifungal 
If your baby has ringworm on her scalp, this can be more difficult to treat using a cream. See your doctor, who will probably prescribe antifungal tablets and a medicated shampoo. 
 
Your child might also develop an area of inflammation, called a kerion, in response to the fungus. It&#39;ll appear as a moist, swollen area on the scalp, with pustules (little pimple-like bumps). This will clear up when you treat your toddler&#39;s scalp for the ringworm. 
 
It is also important to follow these hygiene measures to help remove the ringworm fungus from around your home:

<ul>
	<li>Gently wash and dry the areas of ringworm on your baby&#39;s body. Take care with the areas between the toes and skin folds. Wash your hands thoroughly afterwards.</li>
	<li>Wash your hands after applying antifungal cream or shampoo to your baby&#39;s skin.</li>
	<li>Dress your child appropriately for the weather so that he doesn&#39;t overheat and sweat too much.</li>
	<li>Don&#39;t let others (like siblings) share towels, hairbrushes, pillows, clothing, or similar items with your baby.</li>
	<li>Dress your baby in full-length, loose-fitting cotton clothes that cover her legs and arms. If she&#39;s walking, have her wear sandals at pool areas, in locker rooms and when she is playing in the garden or park.</li>
	<li>Keep your baby&#39;s fingernails short to prevent her scratching and spreading the infection to other parts of her body.</li>
</ul>

You may have heard that there are some herbal remedies for treating ringworm. However, it&#39;s best to consult your doctor before starting any other treatment for your baby.

<h2>Can ringworm cause any complications for my child?</h2>

Occasionally ringworm can spread to another part of your baby&#39;s body. If it appears on her scalp, there&#39;s a small possibility it could cause slight scarring or hair loss. 
 
Ringworm can sometimes lead to a secondary infection by bacteria or another fungus. Your baby may need antibiotics if she develops another infection. Take your baby to the doctor if your baby develops other rashes or symptoms.

<h2>Can I do anything to make sure my baby doesn&#39;t get ringworm again?</h2>

It&#39;s hard to protect your baby from ringworm, but there are a few things you can do to keep it from spreading further:

<ul>
	<li>If other family members or anyone caring for your baby shows symptoms, make sure they get treated immediately.</li>
	<li>Check pets to make sure that they don&#39;t have any scaly, hairless patches. If they do, take them to the veterinarian for treatment. Animals can sometimes carry the fungus without showing any signs of it. In fact, it&#39;s a good idea to take your pet for a check-up if your baby keeps getting re-infected.</li>
	<li>Make sure everyone in your household follows good hand hygiene.</li>
	<li>If your baby has ringworm on her scalp, treat all family members with antifungal shampoo.</li>
	<li>Wash bedding, towels, and clothes in hot water. If you suspect any hairbrushes, combs or clothes may be infected, throw them away.</li>
</ul>

<h2>Should I keep my baby or toddler away from his daycare, playschool or cr&egrave;che?</h2>

Generally speaking, you don&rsquo;t need to keep her away from his usual activities. Ask your daycare provider what the centre&rsquo;s policy is on children attending when they have ringworm. Once your baby has started treatment, it should be no problem, but until then, they may or may not want you to keep her at home.

Burns (caused by dry heat) and scalds (caused by hot, wet substances) are common injuries in babies and toddlers. 
 
Your baby can be burnt or scalded easily as her skin is much more delicate than adult skin. So a drink or object that is hot but not burning for you, might cause a burn for your baby. 
 
Burns and scalds are painful, so your baby will be frightened and upset. But before you try to comfort and soothe her, focus first on treatment. 
 
Don&#39;t let guilt over the accident or your distress at seeing your baby in pain come in the way of attending to the burn. A quick response can help reduce the pain and severity of the burn, and help it heal faster. 
 
So by tending to the burn, you are doing the best thing you can to help your baby.

<h2>What should I do if my baby gets burned?</h2>

1. Get your baby away from the source of heat and out of danger. If her clothing is on fire, smother the flames with a towel, heavy blanket, or whatever else is available. 
 
2. Check how serious the burn is. You should take your baby to the nearest hospital as soon as you can if the burn:

<ul>
	<li>Covers more than five per cent of her body. As a rough guide, one per cent of her body is about the size of her palm and fingers.</li>
	<li>Is white or charred. These are the signs of an injury that has damaged all the skin&#39;s layers. The tissues showing underneath may look pale.</li>
	<li>Is on her face, hands, feet, or genitals.</li>
	<li>Crosses over a joint, such as her shoulder or elbow, or goes right round a part of her body, such as circling her arm or leg (circumferential burn).</li>
	<li>Is an electrical or chemical burn.</li>
</ul>

You should also rush to the hospital if your baby has been exposed to a lot of smoke from a fire. This can cause breathing difficulties. 
 
If the burn isn&#39;t serious enough to rush to the hospital, it&#39;s still important that you treat it immediately. 
 
3. Cool the burn. Cool the burnt area as quickly as possible by placing it under cool running water for 10 to 20 minutes. Keep the water cool and the pressure low. A strong flow can damage the burnt skin. 
 
The 10 to 20 minutes may seem to go on forever, but it will help your baby&#39;s injury to be less painful and heal better. Don&#39;t use ice or iced water, because it can limit the blood supply to your baby&#39;s injury. This won&#39;t help your baby&#39;s skin tissues to heal well. 
 
Only cool the affected area, not the whole of your baby&#39;s body. If you cover all of your baby with water, she could get too cold. Don&#39;t blow on the burn because the wound is very prone to catching an infection. 
 
4. Remove any tight clothing from near your baby&#39;s burn before it starts to swell. Do not remove clothing or material that is sticking to the burn. Leave this to the doctor. 
 
5. Raise the burnt area of your baby&#39;s body to reduce swelling if possible. 
 
6. Dress the burn. Cover the burn or scald using a sterile dressing being careful not to burst the blister if there is one. You can use a cotton gauze but don&#39;t use cotton wool as the fibres can stick to the wound. Don&#39;t put skin cream, honey, turmeric (haldi) paste, raw potato, raw egg white, fresh cream, oil or butter on your baby&#39;s injury. This will just hold in the heat. Only apply appropriate burn cream after consulting your baby&#39;s doctor. 
 
Once you&#39;ve given your baby first aid for her burn or scald, you can ease her pain with infant paracetamol in the dose recommended by her doctor.

<h2>How will I know what degree burn my baby has?</h2>

You can find out the seriousness of the burn by looking at it carefully.

<ul>
	<li>A first degree burn is the mildest kind of burn, in which only the outer layer of skin has been damaged. The nerves get irritated, and this hurts. You&#39;ll see redness in the area. Sometimes, there may also be a slight swelling and the wound may look like a sunburn. 
	 </li>
	<li>In a second degree burn, the second layer of skin has been damaged. The higher temperature causes blisters and swelling. This type of burn is usually very painful. 
	 </li>
	<li>A third degree burn is the most serious. The skin usually appears charred and white, and is seriously injured &ndash; sometimes well below the surface. Third degree burns may not hurt, but this is because the nerves have been damaged. The surrounding area can be very painful though. A third degree burn is a medical emergency. 
	 </li>
</ul>

<h2>Do I need to take my baby to the doctor?</h2>

If your baby&#39;s burn isn&#39;t a medical emergency, after you have cooled and dressed it, and given your baby some paracetamol, you should show it to a doctor unless it is minor. 
 
Large first degree burns like sunburns, or second degree burns with large blisters do need to be shown to a doctor to be sure you&rsquo;re using the right ointment and caring for it correctly. 
 
A first degree burn may heal in just a few days, but a second degree burn can take a couple of weeks. If your baby shows signs of infection while the burn is healing, take her to the paediatrician again. Signs of infection include:

<ul>
	<li>increased pain</li>
	<li>swelling</li>
	<li>redness</li>
	<li>drainage or pus</li>
	<li>odour</li>
	<li>swollen lymph nodes</li>
	<li>fever</li>
	<li>red streaks spreading from the burn</li>
</ul>

<h2>Will my baby need to be hospitalised?</h2>

If your baby has third degree burns &ndash; or less severe burns that are extensive &ndash; she may need to be monitored in the hospital. If your baby inhaled smoke, your doctor may want to keep your baby for observation for a few hours in the hospital as well to be sure there are no serious breathing problems. Your child may also be in shock due to loss of body fluids. 
 
How long your baby stays in the hospital will depend on the severity of the burn, how much smoke she has been exposed to, and how dehydrated she may be.

<h2>How can I prevent my baby getting a burn or scald?</h2>

Make your home safe and be careful around your baby when you&#39;re cooking and carrying or drinking hot drinks. Follow these steps:

<ul>
	<li>Don&#39;t leave hot drinks where your baby can reach them, and don&#39;t carry them around when you&#39;re holding her or when she is on the floor playing. Also don&#39;t hand hot drinks to people over your baby, and don&#39;t drink one while feeding her. A drink is still hot enough to scald your baby at least 15 minutes after you&#39;ve made it.</li>
	<li>Be careful when you&#39;re cooking on the hob or using the oven. Turn the handles of saucepans towards the back of the hob so that your baby can&#39;t reach up and pull them down.</li>
	<li>Place the kettle and toaster at the back of the counter and out of reach of your baby&#39;s hands.</li>
	<li>Keep matches and lighters in a lockable drawer or cupboard where your baby can&#39;t reach them. If your gas hob doesn&#39;t have an ignition button, use a spark device to light it. Spark devices are safer because they don&rsquo;t have a naked flame.</li>
	<li>Install a fire extinguisher and fire blanket where the risk of fire is greatest, such as in the kitchen. However, only attempt to put out a fire if it&#39;s small and contained. Otherwise, get everyone out of the home and dial 101.</li>
	<li>Fit smoke alarms in every bedroom and near the kitchen.</li>
	<li>Hide lamp and appliance cords behind heavy furniture or conceal them with a flex holder device. Tall lamps may topple over if your baby pulls on them, so anchor them safely behind furniture.</li>
	<li>Put candles or oil lamps well out of reach. Put out the flame when you leave the room. Never leave your baby alone in a room with a lit candle or oil lamp.</li>
	<li>Always run cold water into a bucket before adding hot water. Test the temperature of the water with your elbow, before using the water for your baby&#39;s bath. Never leave your baby alone in the bathroom. This is when burns and scalds can happen from hot taps and pipes.</li>
	<li>Keep hairdryers, straighteners and curling tongs unplugged and out of reach. Hair-styling devices can still burn for about eight minutes after you&#39;ve unplugged them, so store them in heatproof bags. </li>
	<li>During festivals, don&#39;t leave your baby unattended. Don&#39;t carry your baby while holding a lighted sparkler. Keep your baby well out of reach of any fireworks, candles or lights (electrical or oil based). </li>
	<li>If you use heaters in winter, never leave your baby alone in a room with a heater on. Keep your baby away from heaters and place the heater somewhere your baby cannot touch it.</li>
</ul>

Measles is a highly contagious and potentially deadly viral infection. 
 
It starts like a bad cold with a characteristic measles rash appearing after a few days. 
 
People who haven&rsquo;t been vaccinated against measles are at the greatest risk of complications. 
 
You can protect your child from measles by ensuring he gets the MMR vaccine.

<h2>What causes measles?</h2>

The highly infectious rubeola virus causes measles. When someone who has the virus sneezes or coughs, tiny droplets containing the virus spray into the air. 
 
The droplets stay active for a few hours in the air, or on a surface. If your baby comes into contact with these droplets, he can become infected. 
 
Being in the same room for at least 15 minutes with someone who has measles, or having face-to-face contact with them, is enough to expose your baby to the virus. 
 
If your baby hasn&rsquo;t been immunised, and hasn&rsquo;t had measles before, he&#39;s likely to catch it if he is exposed to it. 
 
If your child has been vaccinated against the virus, there is a very small chance that he can still catch the disease, but he is much better protected than without the vaccine. 
 
If your child has had measles before, he&#39;s probably already immune, and is very unlikely to get it again.

<h2>What are the symptoms of measles?</h2>

Although the characteristic measles rash is the most obvious sign, you&#39;ll probably notice that your child seems a bit under the weather before it appears. 
 
It can take about 10 days for measles symptoms to show. The time between someone being infected with measles and then showing symptoms is called the incubation period. 
 
Early symptoms of measles are similar to a cold or flu, including:

<ul>
	<li>fever</li>
	<li>a runny nose</li>
	<li>cough</li>
	<li>sore, red, swollen eyes</li>
</ul>

A more obvious early symptom is small, grey-white spots inside your baby&#39;s mouth. The spots may look like grains of sand or salt. 
 
Between two days and four days after early symptoms appear, a red-brown blotchy rash develops. The spots may be flat or slightly bumpy or raised. Sometimes they join together to make larger patches. 
 
The rash will first show on your baby&#39;s head or upper neck, before spreading to the rest of his body. It can sometimes be a bit itchy, but not always. 
 
As the rash appears, your baby&#39;s fever may rise to as high as 104 degrees F. Your little one will probably feel most unwell during the first couple of days after the rash appears, then start to feel a bit better. 
 
The rash will last for about five days. It fades in the order it appeared on the child&#39;s body. As it fades, it will turn a brownish colour and leave your baby&rsquo;s skin dry and flaky. Along with the rash, your baby is likely to:

<ul>
	<li>be tired and irritable</li>
	<li>lose his appetite and go off his feeds</li>
	<li>have aches and pains in his muscles</li>
	<li>have a worsening cough, which may keep him awake at night</li>
</ul>

<h2>What should I do if I suspect my baby has measles?</h2>

Call your doctor right away if:

<ul>
	<li>you suspect your baby has measles</li>
	<li>your baby has been exposed to someone with measles</li>
	<li>you live in an area where there&#39;s a measles outbreak</li>
</ul>

Also, talk with your doctor if your child has been exposed to the virus but has only had one of the two MMR shots. 
 
You should check with your doctor even if your baby has been fully immunised (received two doses of the MMR vaccine) and has just been exposed to the measles virus. It&#39;s extremely unlikely that he&#39;ll come down with the measles, but you should still let his doctor know. 
 
Because measles is very contagious, it&#39;s better to phone your doctor first, rather than going straight to the clinic. Your doctor might need to put some precautions in place, to reduce the risk of other patients catching measles from your child while he&#39;s there. 
 
When you take your child to the doctor, she&#39;ll take a good look at your child&#39;s rash and ask about his symptoms. This will help her to work out if it&#39;s measles or something else.

<h2>How is a measles infection treated?</h2>

The type of treatment your doctor recommends will depend on your baby&#39;s age, and whether your child has received one dose of the MMR vaccine or both. 
 
Be aware that once your doctor has confirmed that your baby has measles, there&#39;s not much you can do to treat it. Measles is a virus, so it can&#39;t be treated with antibiotics. The illness just needs to run its course. 
 
Your baby should get better in a week or so. In the meantime, your doctor will suggest ways to treat the symptoms and ease your baby&#39;s distress.

<h2>How should I care for my baby if he has measles?</h2>

There&#39;s not a lot you can do to treat measles other than try to make your child more comfortable. These tips might help your little one feel better while he recovers:

<ul>
	<li>Make sure your baby gets plenty of rest.</li>
	<li>Offer him plenty of fluids to bring down his fever and to prevent dehydration. Offer him extra feeds if he&#39;s exclusively breastfed or extra cooled, boiled water if he&#39;s on formula milk or solid foods.</li>
	<li>You can give your baby infant paracetamol to ease his fever and aches and pains. Your baby&#39;s doctor will prescribe the right dose based on your child&#39;s weight.</li>
	<li>To ease your baby&rsquo;s cough, place a bowl of steaming water in his room to create humidity. You might find this helpful, especially when the weather is dry. If you prefer, you could also use a humidifier or vapouriser to keep the air moist.</li>
	<li>Don&rsquo;t give any cough medicine. It won&#39;t help his cough, and may even cause unwanted side-effects, such as an allergic reaction. If he is one year old or older, you could give him warm water with some honey and lemon.</li>
	<li>If your baby is having trouble drinking, or eating, because of a blocked nose, you could try nasal saline drops recommended by your doctor. These drops can help to thin mucus. They&#39;re only worth trying if your baby tolerates them well, though. Drops are probably not worth it if they just upset your baby.</li>
	<li>Keep him away from his childcare setting and other children until at least four days after he develops the rash.</li>
</ul>

<h2>Can measles cause any complications?</h2>

Most babies and children recover from measles without problems. However, some children may develop complications, and babies under one year are particularly vulnerable. 
 
Let your baby&#39;s doctor know if he develops any of the common complications of measles. These include:

<ul>
	<li>diarrhoea</li>
	<li>vomiting</li>
	<li>an ear infection</li>
	<li>an eye infection</li>
	<li>a swollen throat (laryngitis)</li>
	<li>infections of the chest and airways (respiratory system), such as bronchitis, croup, or pneumonia</li>
</ul>

 
Common complications can turn occasionally serious, so keep a close eye on your baby. If he seems to find breathing painful, is struggling to take breaths, or starts to cough up blood, call an ambulance, or take him to the emergency department of the nearest hospital. 
 
It&#39;s also common for babies and children with measles to have a febrile convulsion or seizure. If this happens to your baby, and he hasn&#39;t had a convulsion before, call an ambulance, or take him to the closest hospital. 
 
Rarely, measles can also infect the nervous system, in particular:

<ul>
	<li>the nerves and muscles in the eyes</li>
	<li>the brain&#39;s membrane and spinal cord, leading to meningitis</li>
	<li>the brain itself, leading to encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)</li>
</ul>

Infections of the nervous system are medical emergencies. If your baby has a rash that doesn&#39;t fade, or he seems floppy and unlike himself, call an ambulance or go to the hospital right away.

<h2>How can I protect my child from measles?</h2>

The best way to protect your child against measles is to make sure he has the combined measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine. This is given as part of your child&#39;s routine immunisations. Your baby will get the MMR vaccine at:

<ul>
	<li>nine months (dose 1)</li>
	<li>15 months (dose 2)</li>
	<li>4-5 years (booster dose)</li>
</ul>

The MMR vaccine is very effective after two doses. 
 
While no vaccine guarantees 100 per cent immunity to everyone who&#39;s immunised, it offers your child the best chance of protection from infectious disease. 
 
If anyone catches an illness despite being vaccinated, chances are it&#39;s less likely to be serious. 
 
If your child has missed any scheduled immunisations, check with a doctor about an updated schedule.

<h2>Is the measles vaccine a live vaccine?</h2>

The MMR vaccine is a live-attenuated vaccine, which means it&#39;s a live virus, but it&#39;s weakened so that it won&#39;t cause the disease in your child. 
 
The vaccine is the best way to prevent this illness. It prompts the body to create antibodies which will protect your baby against a real measles infection. 
 
Some children develop a mild rash and fever after the vaccine, but it&#39;s uncommon and only lasts a few days. 
 
If you have any worries about your baby&#39;s health, don&#39;t hesitate to speak to your child&#39;s doctor.

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Mosquitos look tiny, but they can affect kids and elders in a colossal way! Dengue, like chikungunya, Zika virus, yellow fever, and malaria, is a mosquito-borne disease. It is carried by the Aedes mosquito, which bites during the day, unlike other mosquitos! 
</div>

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If your child experiences flu-like illness, is more irritated than usual, has physical discomfort, has gastrointestinal problems, witnesses bleeding from gums and nose, and has itchy skin- all these are a few symptoms of the dengue virus. Always be alert and on the watch for these symptoms so that the illness doesn&#39;t get severe. 
</div>

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What should you do if your child has dengue? 
</div>

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Consult a doctor first because the symptoms of dengue and chikungunya are pretty similar, and hence, your doctor will most probably suggest a blood test to confirm the treatment. Here are a few basic things that you should follow if your baby shows symptoms of dengue: 
</div>

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</div>

<div class="BCX0 ListContainerWrapper SCXW132814430" style="padding:0px">
<ul style="list-style-type:disc">
	<li>
	Ensure ample rest for your toddler so that they don&#39;t get exhausted. 
	</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>

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<ul style="list-style-type:disc">
	<li>
	Give him healthy food and lots of fluids. This is because your baby needs to pass urine, and the urine has to be light and clear. 
	</li>
	<li>
	If your baby is breastfeeding, make sure that you don&#39;t miss even a single feeding session. Breast milk is medicinal in itself and takes care of the fluid requirement in your baby&#39;s body. Oral Rehydration Therapy is recommended for older kids to have no fluid and electrolytes shortage in the body. 
	</li>
	<li>
	If your child has a high fever, you should give him paracetamol as well as a cool towel to wrap around his head. This will aid in the reduction of his body temperature. 
	</li>
	<li>
	Over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen or similar medications that work to reduce swelling should be avoided. This is because these drugs can lower the platelet count even further, resulting in additional blood loss. 
	</li>
	<li>
	There is a chance that your baby&#39;s muscle and joint pain may get intolerable. In such a situation, request the pediatrician to prescribe analgesic medicines like acetaminophen, which will not cause a drop in platelet count like ibuprofen. 
	</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>

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<ul style="list-style-type:disc">
	<li>
	Despite doing all of the above, if your child&#39;s symptoms do not improve, immediate doctor care is needed. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever is possible. In that event, your child may need to be hospitalized for intravenous (IV) therapy to replace fluids and salts lost due to vomiting and diarrhea. 
	</li>
	<li>
	The pediatrician may also recommend oxygen therapy and frequent blood pressure monitoring. 
	</li>
	<li>
	Depending on the severity of the sickness, a pediatrician may recommend a series of blood transfusions to replace the blood lost throughout the disease. 
	</li>
</ul>
</div>

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Your baby&#39;s skin is extremely sensitive at this age, and hence, the effect of any skin infection instantly shows on your baby&#39;s skin. Hives are raised and swollen areas on your baby&#39;s skin which cause a lot of itchiness in your baby&#39;s skin. They result from the human body&#39;s reaction to allergens. Hives are alternatively also known as nettle rash, wheals, welts, swellings, and in medical terms- Urticaria! 
</div>

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Your baby could have Hives because of several factors such as viral infections, bacterial infections, allergies to certain foods, allergies to medicines, bug bites or bee stings, temperature changes, cow&#39;s milk if you introduce it before six months, and petting pets! 
</div>

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Home Remedies to Treat Hives in toddlers 
</div>

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In the initial stages, you can always try home remedies before rushing to a doctor. Here are a few things you can do at home: 
 
</div>

<div class="BCX0 ListContainerWrapper SCXW65271990" style="padding:0px">
<ul style="list-style-type:disc">
	<li>
	To soothe the itching, apply calamine lotion to the affected area. 
	</li>
	<li>
	Cut your baby&#39;s nails and remove any dirt if present, not to hurt themselves while trying to scratch. 
	</li>
	<li>
	Wrap a piece of ice in a muslin cloth and rub it on the rash. 
	</li>
	<li>
	Dress your baby in cotton clothes to provide comfort and reduce skin irritation. 
	</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>

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<ul style="list-style-type:disc">
	<li>
	Give your child a cold bath with a punch of baking soda in the water. This will help in soothing the skin. 
	</li>
</ul>
</div>

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Treatment for Hives in toddlers 
</div>

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Hives usually vanish on their own in a few hours or a few days. But, if you notice that the hives just wouldn&#39;t go, consult a pediatrician. He would usually prescribe the following: 
</div>
</div>

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</div>

<div class="BCX0 ListContainerWrapper SCXW65271990" style="padding:0px">
<ol start="1" style="list-style-type:decimal">
	<li>
	Antihistamine 
	</li>
</ol>
</div>

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Antihistamines such as cetirizine can help relieve itching and swelling caused by hives. 
 
</div>

<div class="BCX0 ListContainerWrapper SCXW65271990" style="padding:0px">
<ol start="2" style="list-style-type:decimal">
	<li>
	Histamine Blockers 
	</li>
</ol>
</div>

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Histamine blockers can be taken orally or injected to help treat hives. Cimetidine and ranitidine 
</div>
</div>

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are commonly used, although they might cause indigestion. 
</div>

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</div>

<div class="BCX0 ListContainerWrapper SCXW65271990" style="padding:0px">
<ol start="3" style="list-style-type:decimal">
	<li>
	Steroids 
	</li>
</ol>
</div>

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If over-the-counter treatment does not work, the doctor may prescribe stronger topical or oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone. These are only used briefly. 
</div>

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</div>
</div>

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<ol start="4" style="list-style-type:decimal">
	<li>
	Getting asthma drug injected 
	</li>
</ol>
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Injections of the asthma medicine omalizumab have been shown to relieve hives without any side effects. It is more expensive than other treatments. 
 
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	Asthma and Antihistamine Combination 
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In severe situations of hive outbreaks, the doctor may prescribe an antihistamine over-the-counter. These can affect a child&#39;s behavior and mood. 
 
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6. Immunosuppressants 
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Immunosuppressants may be required for chronic hives. Cyclosporine and tacrolimus suppress the immune system&#39;s response to hives, although they cause headaches and nausea. 
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One of the worst challenges you can face with your little one is bad breath. If your baby doesn&#39;t have the habit of brushing regularly, bad breath is inevitable. Hence, taking care of your baby&#39;s dental hygiene is a must. If your baby doesn&#39;t brush his teeth regularly, the food that has made a home in between your baby&#39;s teeth will be broken down by bacteria resulting in bad breath. 
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Bad breath could also result from the food that your baby eats. Certain foods like onion and garlic can cause bad breath. Too much sugar content and drinks could decay your teeth which would ultimately result in bad breath. A dry mouth can also be another reason why your baby&#39;s breath smells bad. Lack of saliva in your baby&#39;s mouth will make it difficult for the bacteria to go away. 
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What can you do to get rid of bad breath? 
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Here are a few points that you can follow to get rid of your babies bad breath: 
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	Make brushing teeth a fun activity. Switch on some music and dance along with your baby while your baby brushes its teeth. 
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	If you are brushing your baby&#39;s teeth, do so in a comfortable position for both you and your baby. However, once your brush your baby&#39;s teeth, give the brush to your baby and make them brush their teeth too. This will teach a sense of responsibility to your baby. 
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	Use a toothbrush that is the right size and has soft bristles. 
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	Choose a toothpaste that is good flavoured and also recommended by your dentist. 
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	Let your little one choose a toothbrush of their choice. It could be a cartoon-y toothbrush or one with lights and music. This will attract your toddler to brush their teeth regularly. 
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	Give your toddler certain soft toys and ask them to brush the teeth of those soft toys. Of course, do not include any toothpaste! 
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Whatever trick you choose, ensure that it is done regularly and consistently because consistency is the key to every good thing. 
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गर्भावस्था में महिला जो कुछ खाती है और जिस तरह से रहती है उसका सीधा असर उसके होने वाले बच्चे पर पड़ता है. ऐसे में महिला को सबसे ज्यादा देखभाल और परहेज की जरूरत होती है.

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